Why Terra Nullius Was An Obstacle For Achieving Native Title

1. Explain why terra nullius was an obstacle in achieving native title. The doctrine of Terra Nullius is an expression meaning ‘land belonging to no one’. It is used in international law to describe a territory or state which has never been subject to the sovereignty of any state. Despite the criteria needed for the term ‘Terra Nullius’ to be withstanding, the Europeans still claimed Australia as ‘empty land’, as they could not see any signs of ownership. Therefore, Terra Nullius became an obstacle in achieving Native Title as for the Aboriginals to prove that that they were the traditional owners of the land, they needed proof that they had maintained an ongoing spiritual and cultural connection with it. 2. Examine the roles of the†¦show more content†¦These were, that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had no concept of land ownership before the arrival of the British and that sovereignty delivered complete ownership from the new Colony to the Crown, abolishing any rights that previously existed (traditional title). Decision and Impact: In this case, the High Court recognised the existence of native title for a group of Murray Islanders in the Torres Strait. The High Court also established guidelines for future claims of native title. These guidelines included the provision of compensation where the native title rights were taken back by the federal government. As a result of the Mabo decision, the federal government enacted the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) which overturned the Doctrine of Terra Nullius and acted as a precedent for other cases. Case: The Wik People v The state of Queensland and Ors (1996) 141 ALR 129 (The Wik Case) Issue: The Wik and Thayorre people opposed the notion that once a lease had been granted in Crown land that Native Title rights were made void. They launched the case to claim Native Title rights to their traditional lands that were now subject pastoral leases. Decision and Impact: The Court found that the co-existence of pastoral leases and Native Title was possible however, in matters of conflict, the

Things Fall Apart and A Dolls House on Gender Roles Essay

Research Paper There are certain expectations of individuals based on how they speak, act, and what their actions convey. These are known as gender roles. Formerly and still to this day, society has had boundaries between each gender, men being above women due to their expectations. This stereotype has be widely accepted, causing an unfair and unequal treatment between genders. They limit individuals, not granting them to achieve and follow their dreams. Society has recognized the differences between the gap among people, whether it’s the way their characterized, or the way people appear, men are seen as the stronger ones, mentally, and physically, women, not so much. They are seen as more simple and fragile, as unfair as that is, society†¦show more content†¦Studies show that the expectations women revolve around, it affects the world around them , â€Å"a measure of value; a source of power over other people, or a means to be free of them; a way to show care to other and to figur e out how much they really care† (Rabow 4). Gender role differences often show Society has recognized distinctive roles among genders, decisive roles that affect the world around them. Men have been the ones who work with task-orientated jobs, they support for the family, are head of the house, basically they work to make a living. On the contrary, it is said that women are those who stay home, cook, and clean, keeping their personal lives within the house. The play A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, portrays such examples. Ibsen renders his focus on a husband and wife, living in a society where men are the providers of the family. When women are the ones who stay home, look innocent, painting the basic stereotype of women, â€Å"‘What a change! To have someone to work for; a home to make happy’† (Ibsen 187). The play A Doll’s House often show the role of women and their captivity within their household. Mrs. Linde explains how the acts she does are the only deeds that make her contented, Krogstad gives her the chance to become what Mrs. Linde knows what is expected of her. Many of the performances women exhibited in this play revealed there powerless will, physically,Show MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Women And Women1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe house. There multitudinous assumptions made towards men and women affect the way we live. Expectations like these are why patriarchal societies are composed. Patriarchal society means that men over rule the women in many ways and are more dominant causing a contrasting way of life. It has become more instinctive for humans to think this particular way because they are being circumvented by these assumptions everyday. Throughout literature, it is clear that men and women make gender role assumptionsRead MoreEssay on Themes and Symbols in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House1296 Words   |  6 Pages(Ibsen 1491). Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House tells a story of scandal and deceit set in the Victorian era. Nora Helmer is married to Torvald Helmer and she fee ls more like his toy than his wife. Nora had to have Torvald to be able to do anything, because of when she lived. Nora borrows money behind her husband’s back (which is illegal at this time) and tries to cover up everything she has done. Ibsen employs the use of many themes and symbols in his A Doll House to show the reader just how Nora wasRead MoreComparison essay -- Trifles and A Dolls House1460 Words   |  6 Pagescrazy things! Nora, in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, loved her husband so much that she committed forgery just for the sake of his wellbeing. Susan Glaspell’s character in Trifles, Mrs. Wright, murders her husband after she discovers that he killed the one most precious thing to her, her pet bird. It was out of love that these women committed illegal crimes. Nora wanted her husband to be healthy because she loved him and knew that without his salary coming in, their home would fall apart. In contrastRead More Gender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspells Trifles 1836 Words   |  8 PagesGender Stereotypes in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan Glaspells Trifles In the plays A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, and Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the male characters propagate stereotypes and make assumptions concerning the female characters. These assumptions deal with the way in which the male characters see the female characters, on a purely stereotypical, gender-related level. The stereotypes and assumptions made in A Dolls House are manifest in the way Torvald Helmer treatsRead More A Doll’s House Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific gender roles by societal standards in 19th century married life proved to be suffocating. Women were objects to perform those duties for which their gender was thought to have been created: to remain complacent, readily accept any chore and complete it â€Å"gracefully† (Ibsen 213). Contrarily, men were the absolute monarchs over their respective homes and all that dwelled within. In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, Nora is subjected to moral degradation through her familial role, the consistentRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1762 Words   |  8 PagesHenry Ibsen s play, A Doll’s house, revolves around characters whose love in marriages differs from the average relationship. The two main characters, Nora and Torvald, have issues of love which Ibsen portrays as deceptive in the eyes of readers. The story involves a selfish action Nora takes to help save ill Torvalds life, which later under a serious agreement she falls into trouble with risking the marriage. Readers learn that she loved Torvald and would exceed limits to save him. From FurtherRead MoreA Feminist Analysis of Cloud Nine Essay2199 Words   |  9 PagesWithin the writing she included a myriad of different themes ranging from homosexuality and homophobia to female objectification and oppression. Churchill clearly intended to raise questions of gender, sexual orientation, and race as ideological issues; she accomplished this largely by cross-dressing and role-doubling the actors, ther eby alienating them from the characters they play. (Worthen, 807) The play takes part in two acts; in the first we see Clive, his family, friends, and servants in aRead More A Feminist Analysis of Cloud Nine Essay2132 Words   |  9 PagesWithin the writing she included a myriad of different themes ranging from homosexuality and homophobia to female objectification and oppression. â€Å"Churchill clearly intended to raise questions of gender, sexual orientation, and race as ideological issues; she accomplished this largely by cross-dressing and role-doubling the actors, thereby alienating them from the characters they play.† (Worthen, 807) The play takes part in two acts; in the first we see Clive, his family, friends, and servants in a VictorianRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the Screw Major Barbara Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf 2004 (Form B): The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in which a death or deaths take place. Choose a novel or play

King Henry Iv Essay Example For Students

King Henry Iv Essay Henry IV was born in April 1367 and was the only son of John of Gaunt, the son of Edward III, and Blanche, the daughter of Henry Grismond, Duke of Lancaster. Known as Henry of Bolingbroke after his birthplace in Lincolnshire, he was made a knight of the Garter in 1377. In 1380, at the age of 13, he married Mary de Bohun, the youngest daughter and coheiress of Humphrey, the last Earl of Hereford. They had four sons and two daughters before her death at the age of 24, in 1394. As the Earl of Darby, Henry entered the House of Lords in 1385. In 1387 he supported his uncle Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, in his opposition to Richard II. (Gloucester was also Richards uncle, and Henry was the Kings First cousin.)While taking part in the Merciless; Parliament of 1388, Henry regained the favor of the King and in 1390 departed on the Crusade to Lithuania and then to Jerusalem. Visiting the kings of Bohemia and Hungary and the Archduke of Austria and then Venice in 1392-1393, he went only as far as Rhodes and then returned to England as a popular hero. He soon entered the government; he served on the Council while Richard was absent in Ireland in 1395 and for his efforts was made Duke of Hereford in 1397. Henry soon quarreled with the Duke of Norfolk, each accusing the other of arranging the murder of the Duke of Gloucester and calling for a trial by battle. Both men were banished from the realm. Norfolk for life and Henry for 10 years with a proviso that he would be allowed to inherit from his father. But on the death of John of Gaunt in 1399, the Lancastrian estates were confiscated by the King, and Henry decided to return, seemingly to claim his promised inheritance. Taking advantage of the Kings absence in Ireland, Henry landed on July 4, 1399, at Ravenspur, near Bridington, where he was soon joined by the northern nobles who were unhappy with the policies of the monarchy. By the end of the month Henry and his followers had raised an army and marched to Bristol. When Richard returned in August, the royal army started to desert; Henry claimed the throne for himself, and on August 19 he captured Richard near Conway. He then went with his prisoner to London and there, on September 29, Richard abdicated the throne. On October 13 Parliament formally deposed Richard and transferred the crown to Henry. This parliamentary action had constitutional importance, since it revived the claim that Parliament had the power to create monarchs. Prior to his coronation, Henry condemned Richard to imprisonment, where the deposed monarch soon dies, possibly due to starvation. Once on the throne, Henry spent his reign solidifying his position and removing the threat posed by the nobles who supported Richard. Starting in 1400, Henry made expeditions in Scotland against the Duke of Albany and the 4th Earl of Douglas and in Wales against Owen Glendower. He was an active supporter of the Orthodox Church against the Lollards, and in 1401 De heretico comburendo, one of the most important medieval statues, was passed. In 1402 he married Joan of Navarre, the widow of John V, Duke of Brittany, who survived him without issue. In the north the Percy family rose against the King, but Henry defeated them in July 1403 at Shrewsbury and the following year at Dartmouth. A revolt by the 1st Earl of Northumberland, Archbishop Scrope, and the Earl Marshal was defeated in 1405, and 2 years later the Beauforts claims to the throne were ended. .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .postImageUrl , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:visited , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:active { border:0!important; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:active , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thesis: Is There a God or is He(?) an Illusion? EssayBy the Battle of Brabham Moor in 1408, the domestic threats to the throne were ended, and Henry could turn his attention to the civil wars in France as well as reforming his household administration. He was able to defeat an attempt to force him to resign in favor of his more popular son (later Henry V), but his health declined, perhaps because of epilepsy. On March 20, 1413, he was seized with a fatal attack while praying at Westminster Abbey and died in the Jerusalem Chamber. He was buried at Canterbury.

Essay on The Life of Jeannette in The Glass Castle Essay Example For Students

Essay on The Life of Jeannette in The Glass Castle Essay â€Å"I wanted to let the world know that no one had a perfect life, that even the people who seemed to have it all had their secrets.† The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls is a memoir about a young girl and her dysfunctional life. Jeannette and her family live a very tough life, constantly leaving to go somewhere new. However, along the way, Jeannette decides she wants to escape her family and move to New York. Throughout her life, she and her sister work on moving to New York to better their lives. The Glass Castle will become a classic because it includes hard times of life, contains lessons from parents, and allows the reader to be inspired by Jeannettes escape plan. â€Å"We were always doing the skedaddle, usually in the middle of the night.† (Walls 19) Jeannette and her family were running from the law. They would never pay the bills on time, and would constantly have to leave, as soon as someone expected money from the Walls family. The first time the did the â€Å"skedaddle† was when Jeannette was three years old. She was making hot dogs, on her own and was burned badly. Her parents took her to the hospital, and she was there six weeks before the doctor started asking for money. One night, Rex Walls, her father, picked her up and ran away. Another hard time of life was when Jeanettes mother had a miscarriage. â€Å"Mom never seemed upset about Marry Charlenes death.Dad, however, wouldn’t talk about Mary Charlene.† (Walls 28) The family never talks about Mary Charlene but Jeannette believes that is why her father has a drinking problem. â€Å"As we fought, they called me poor and ugly and dirty, and it was hard to argue at this point.† (Walls 140) Later on, when the family moves to 93 Little Hobart street, Jeannette is bullied because she can. .sually work out in the end. ‘What if they don’t?’ That just means you haven’t come to the end yet.† (Walls 259) Jeannette started to lose faith in her parents after they could no longer provide for her, and swore that she would make a better life for herself. â€Å"I swore to myself that it (her life) would never be like Mom’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Walls 208) Jeannette has the idea to move to New York to escape her parents, and pursue her dream of being a journalist. She decides that her older sister, Lori, will have to escape with her, because Jeannette would never leave Lori alone with her parents. The next day, Jeannette buys a piggy bank to start an â€Å"escape fund†. To make money, Lori would draw and paint posters for kids at school and sell them for a dollar fifty. Jeannette would babysit and do other kids homework. She made a dollar per assignment and and babysat for a dollar an hour.

Juvenile Justice System free essay sample

Examines history, rehabilitation vs. punishment, problems, need for reform, public media views and juveniles rights. (more)

3 Rules of Architecture and How to Win the Big Prize

3 Rules of Architecture and How to Win the Big Prize On the back of the Pritzker medallion are three words: Firmness, Commodity, and Delight. These rules of architecture define the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the highest honor that a living architect can attain. According to the Hyatt Foundation which administers the Prize, these three rules recall the principles set down by the ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: firmitas, utilitas, venustas. Vitruvius described the need for architecture to be well-built, useful by serving a purpose, and beautiful to look at. These are the same three principles that Pritzker juries apply to todays architects. Did You Know? The Pritzker, or Pritzker Architecture Prize, is an international award given each year to a living architect who, in the opinion of a select jury, has made profound achievements in the world of architecture. Laureates of the Pritzker Architecture Prize receive $100,000, a certificate, and a bronze medallion. The Pritzker Prize was established in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker (1922-1999) and his wife Cindy Pritzker. The Pritzkers made a fortune by founding the Hyatt hotel chain. The Prize is funded through the familys Hyatt Foundation. Vitruvius famous multi-volume De Architectura, written around 10 B.C. explores the role of geometry in architecture and outlines the need to build all kinds of structures for all classes of people. Vitruvius rules are sometimes translated this way:   All these must be built with due reference to durability, convenience, and beauty. Durability will be assured when foundations are carried down to the solid ground and materials wisely and liberally selected; convenience, when the arrangement of the apartments is faultless and presents no hindrance to use, and when each class of building is assigned to its suitable and appropriate exposure; and beauty, when the appearance of the work is pleasing and in good taste, and when its members are in due proportion according to correct principles of symmetry. - De Architectura, Book I, Chapter III, Paragraph 2 Firmness, Commodity, and Delight Who would have guessed that in 2014 the most prestigious award in architecture would go to an architect who was not a celebrity- Shigeru Ban. The same thing happened in 2016 when Chilean architect Alejandro Aravena received the architecture prize. Could the Pritzker jury be telling us something about the three rules of architecture? Like the 2013 Pritzker Laureate, Toyo Ito, Ban has been an architect of healing, designing sustainable housing for Japans earthquake and tsunami victims. Ban also has circled the globe providing relief after natural disasters in Rwanda, Turkey, India, China, Italy, Haiti, and New Zealand. Aravena does the same in South America. The 2014 Pritzker Jury said of Ban that His sense of responsibility and positive action to create architecture of quality to serve societys needs, combined with his original approach to these humanitarian challenges, make this years winner an exemplary professional. Before Ban, Aravena, and Ito came the first Chinese recipient, Wang Shu, in 2012. At a time when Chinas cities were choking in over-urbanization, Shu continued to defy his countrys quick-build attitude of over-industrialization. Instead, Shu insisted that his countrys future could become modernized while tethered to its traditions. Using recycled materials, said the 2012 Pritzker Citation, he is able to send several messages on the careful use of resources and respect for tradition and context as well as give a frank appraisal of technology and the quality of construction today, particularly in China. By awarding architectures highest honor to these three men, what is the Pritzker jury trying to tell the world? How to Win a Pritzker Prize In choosing Ban, Ito, Aravena, and Shu, the Pritzker juries are reasserting old values for a new generation. The Tokyo-born Ban was only 56 years old when he won. Wang Shu and Alejandro Aravena were only 48. Certainly not household names, these architects have undertaken a variety of projects both commercial and noncommercial. Shu has been a scholar and teacher of historic preservation and renovation. Bans humanitarian projects include his ingenious use of common, recyclable materials, like cardboard paper tubes for columns, to quickly construct dignified shelters for victims of disasters. After the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Ban helped bring order to a devastated community by building the Hualin Elementary School from cardboard tubes. On a larger scale, Bans 2012 design for a cardboard cathedral gave a New Zealand community a beautiful temporary structure expected to last 50 years while the community rebuilds its cathedral, decimated by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Ban sees the beauty of carboard concrete tube forms; he also started the trend for reusing shipping containers as residential properties. Being named a Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate establishes these men in history as some of the most influential architects of modern times. Like many middle-aged architects, their careers are just beginning. Architecture is not a get rich quick pursuit, and for many the riches never materialize. The Pritzker Architecture Prize seems to be recognizing the architect who isnt seeking celebrity, but who follows ancient tradition - the architects duty, as defined by Vitruvius - to create architecture of quality to serve societys needs. Thats how to win a Pritzker Prize in the 21st century. Sources Commodity and Delight by Andrew Ryan Gleeson, The Lying Truth (blog), July 8, 2010, https://thelyingtruthofarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/07/08/commodity-and-delight/Jury Citation, Shigeru Ban, 2014, The Hyatt Foundation, pritzkerprize.com/2014/jury-citation [accessed August 2, 2014]Jury Citation, Wang Shu, 2012, The Hyatt Foundation, pritzkerprize.com/2012/jury-citation[accessed August 2, 2014]Ceremony and Medal, The Hyatt Foundation at pritzkerprize.com/about/ceremony [accessed August 2, 2014]The Ten Books on Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, Harvard University Press, 1914, gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/29239-h.htm [accessed August 2, 2014]FAQ, Hyatt Foundation,  https://www.pritzkerprize.com/FAQ  [accessed February 15, 2018]Pritzker medalion image courtesy of the Hyatt Foundation

The Environment and Human Health Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Environment and Human Health - Coursework Example This can lower the concentration of oxygen to a level that is immediately dangerous for human health; (2) Frostbite. Solid carbon dioxide is always below -78 oC at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature. Handling this material for more than a second or two without proper protection can cause serious blisters, and other unwanted effects. Carbon dioxide gas released from a steel cylinder, such as a fire extinguisher, causes similar effects; and (3) Kidney damage or coma. This is caused by a disturbance in chemical equilibrium of the carbonate buffer. When carbon dioxide concentrations increase or decrease, causing the equilibrium to be disturbed, a life threatening situation may occur† (Lenntech, 2009, par. 29). b. Environmental Impact of Tire Discard The Tire Conversion Technologies (2008) indicated that the environmental impact of discarded tires range from â€Å"the aesthetic (ugly piles of tires stockpiled on a parcel of land) to the hazardous (poten tial for fire and toxic chemicals from smoke) to public health concerns (carelessly discarded tires are an excellent breeding ground for mosquitoes)† (par. 1). ... However, if recycled, tires are proven to be beneficial to the environment as it has been validated to give at most seven times carbon reduction and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions. c. Chinese to Attempt to Control High Air Pollution in Beijing for 2008 Olympics Howard (2008) reported in The Daily Green in his article entitled â€Å"China’s Olympic-Sized Clean Air Plan† that â€Å"Beijing is further cracking down on pollution by yanking cars off the roads, expanding mass transit and staggering work hours† (par. 1). Details from the report indicated that of 3.3 million private car owners in the city, scheduling depending on the last digit of the owners’ plate numbers would be allowed on the road alternately, odd or even. Working hours for employees have been staggered and more public buses, totaling an additional 2,000 would ply the city, in conjunction with â€Å"improved bus routes, extended the hours of operation for mass transit, opened a new subway and light-rail line and banned the dirtiest freight trucks. Also, many of the buildings for the Olympics are being built with green features† (Howard, 2008, par. 4). The report confirms the acknowledgement of the China government and the Olympic promoters for the need to control high air pollution in Beijing and therefore resorted to drastic and immediate methods to curb pollution, hopefully, not only in the short term, but in the long run. 2. a. International and Intranational Water Conflicts A report authored by Shamir, a contribution from UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme to the World Water Assessment Programme contained relevant information that provides examples of international and intranational water conflicts. One conflict exists between India, Nepal and Bangladesh